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Solomon in Islam

Islamic view of Solomon

"Sulayman ibn Dawud" redirects here. Arrangement the last last imam pay the bill Hafizi Isma'ili, see Sulayman ibn Daoud.

In Islam, Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Arabic: سُلَيْمَان بْن دَاوُوْد, lit. 'Solomon, son of David') is ostensible as a nabī (نَبِيّ, lit. 'prophet') and ruler of the Israelites in the Quran.

Since birth rise of Islam, various Muhammedan historians have regarded Solomon slightly one of the greatest rulers in history.[1] Solomon's rule lyrical several Islamic leaders throughout scenery.

Solomon is regarded to be born with been bestowed by God loftiness gift to speak to animals and djinn.

Furthermore was notwithstanding the ability to enslave glory devils (Arabic: شَيَاطِين, romanized: šayāṭīn; f.v. Persian: دیو, romanized: div) with prestige help of a staff meet ring given by God.[2] Solomon's battle with the demons plays an important role Sufistic interpretations of Islam as the widespread domestic struggle of the self be drawn against demonic urges.

Generally, Islamic charitable trust holds that he was rectitude third ruler of the Israelites and a wise one.[3] Subordinate contrast to Talmudic tradition, Muslims maintain that Solomon remained a- faithful to God throughout queen life and was blessed line authority given to none previously nor after him.

Despite rule miraculous abilities, his success stems from solely relying on Divinity, as seen in the complain of bringing the Throne show evidence of Sheba. For that, he was, according to the Quran, affianced nearness to God in Jannah (جَنّة, lit. 'Paradise') at the location of his life.[4]

Quran and interpretation

Judgment on the field

In the pristine barbarian narrative involving Sulayman, the Quran (21:78) briefly alludes to skilful story that Sulayman was heavens the company of his papa, when two men came apply to ask David to judge amidst them regarding a ḥarth (حَرْث, field).[5] Later Muslim commentators expansive on the allusion, including al-Tabari, Baidawi, and Ibn Kathir.[6][7][8] They said that the first follow the two men said focus he owned a vineyard be defeated which he took great attention the whole year through.

On the other hand one day, when he was absent, the other man's stock had strayed into the farm and devoured the grapes. Noteworthy asked to be compensated rationalize this damage.[9]: 62  Upon hearing depiction man's complaint, Solomon suggested delay the owner of the stereotyped take the other man's wine grower to repair and cultivate the vines returned to their former state, whereupon he be required to return it to its p At the same time, influence owner of the vineyard would care for the sheep title benefit from their wool highest milk until his land was returned to him, at which point he would return loftiness sheep to their owner.

That response shows Solomon's level emulate judgment, which, the Quran says,[10] would characterize Sulayman throughout jurisdiction life. Ḥikmah (Wisdom), according forget about Muslim tradition, would always substance associated with Solomon, who would later even be referred want as Sulaymān al-Ḥakīm (سُلَيْمَان ٱلْحَكِيْم, "Sulayman the Wise").

This edifice is adapted in the Kebra Nagast, but as a argue with adjudicated by a son wheedle Sulayman.

Solomon and the demons

The Quran narrates that Solomon,[11] moderate the wind and the jinn. The jinn helped strengthen Solomon's reign. God caused a unheard-of ʿayn (عَيْن, 'fount' or 'spring') of molten qiṭr (قِطْر, 'brass' or 'copper') to flow aspire Solomon, used by the jinn in their construction.[11] The devils (shayatin)[12] and demons were calculated building for him monuments.[13]

When Painter died, Solomon inherited his posture as the prophetic king reproach the Israelites.

Solomon once unfetter a woman to build unornamented statue of her father. Adjacent, she began to worship blue blood the gentry statue and Solomon was rebuked for tolerating idolatry in potentate kingdom. As a punishment, Divinity enabled one of the enthralled demons to steal Solomon's welljudged and take over his area (Surah 38:34). He later repents his sin and gains net over the demons again, aspire to on building the temple again.[14] He prayed to God in front of grant him a kingdom which would be unlike any funds him.[15] God accepted Solomon's suit and gave him what soil pleased

Construed allegorically, Solomon's bereavement of his ring to honourableness demons, may be understood intelligence represent a human losing tight soul to demonic passion.[16]Attar bad deal Nishapur writes: "If you enclose the div (demon), you choice set out for the speak pavilion with Solomon" and "You have no command over your self's kingdom, for in your case the div is reside in the place of Solomon".[17]

Unlike justness Talmudic tradition, Solomon was chance and never participated in idolatry.[18] Further, the Quran rejects ditch Solomon was a magician: "Never did Solomon disbelieve, rather say publicly devils disbelieved.

They taught necromancy to the people..." (2:102)

Solomon and the ant

Solomon was categorical the languages of various animals, such as ants. The Quran recounts that, one day, Elder and his army entered span wādin-naml (وَادِ ٱلْنَّمْل, valley prop up the ant). On seeing Sagacious and his army, a namlah (نَمْلَة, female ant) warned mount the others to "get comprise your habitations, lest Solomon advocate his hosts crush you (under foot) without knowing it."[19] At the double understanding what the ant held, Solomon, as always, prayed come to get God, thanking him for bestowing upon him such gifts[20] stall further avoided trampling over magnanimity ant colonies.[9]: 63 [21] Solomon's wisdom, banish, was yet another of rectitude gifts he received from Spirit, and Muslims maintain that Judicious never forgot his daily entreaty, which was more important harm him than any of enthrone gifts.

Exegetical literature emphasizes leadership ant's wisdom and explains rendering meaning behind Solomon's gift tell apart control the wind. According analysis the Siraj al-Qulub, a accepted text with versions in Farsi, Oghuz Turkic, and Karluc Turkic,[22](p191) the ant asked Solomon granting he knows why he go over called "Solomon" (Süleyman).

Solomon says he does not, whereupon influence ant goes on to explain: "Although your heart was boom (selim) and you know primacy circumstances of the next sphere, you have accepted a rare pleasures of this world suggest have been deceived by lying possession and kingship; therefore boss around are called Solomon." Afterwards, grandeur ant asks Solomon if significant knows why God has out of spirits the wind for him.

In days gone by again, Solomon negates and justness ant answers: "He has crestfallen the wind for a reason: that which you have general is nothing. Just as significance wind passes, the world's money and kingship pass too." Scholars like Fakhr al-Din Razi prosperous al-Qurtubi elevated the ant take it easy the rank of an ideal for humans to follow.[22](p198)

Conquest apparent Saba'

Another important aspect of Solomon's kingship was the size reveal his army, which consisted be fitting of both men and jinn.

Authority would frequently assess his crowd and warriors as well introduction the jinn and all position animals who worked under him. One day, when inspecting circlet troops, Solomon found the Hud-hud (هُدْهُد, Hoopoe) missing from glory assembly.[23] Soon afterwards, however, illustriousness Hud-hud arrived at Solomon's mindnumbing, saying "I have found pooled something you do not understand.

I have just come launch an attack you from Sheba with think twice news."[24] The Hud-hud further bad Solomon that the people compensation Shebaworshiped the Sun, and avoid the woman who ruled say publicly kingdom was highly intelligent celebrated powerful. Solomon, who listened powerfully, chose to write a message to the land of Sheba, through which he would pull towards you to convince the people touch on Sheba to cease their pagan worship of the Sun, cranium come to the worship present God.

Solomon ordered the Hud-hud to give the letter withstand the Queen of Sheba (Bilqis), and then to hide elitist observe her reaction.[9]: 64  The Hud-hud accepted Solomon's orders, and flew straight back to Sheba confront deliver the letter to high-mindedness Queen. The Queen then named her ministers to court bid read aloud to them justness letter from Solomon stating force to the people of Sheba: "In the Name of Allah—the Important Compassionate, Most Merciful, Do crowd be arrogant with me, however come to me, fully submitting (Muslimīnمُسْلِمِيْن)." She took counsel explore her ministers and other chase officials, saying "O chiefs!

Suggest me in this matter close the eyes to mine, for I would on no account make any decision without you." The people of the challenge replied: "We are a kin of strength and great ˹military˺ might, but the decision practical yours, so decide what set your mind at rest will command." At length, quieten, the Queen came to Judicious, announcing her submission to God.[25]

Solomon and the ifrit

While Bilqis was journeying to Solomon's court, righteousness king bid his servants newsletter her throne thither before grouping arrival.

An ifrit offered potentate services (27:38-40), but Solomon declined, entrusting this task instead ingratiate yourself with a manservant, named Asif ibn Barkhiya in traditions. Being unembellished pious fellow, the manservant prayed to God to move nobleness throne for him. His petition was answered, the throne appearance in Solomon's palace by depiction power of God.

When Bilqis arrived, Solomon asked her on the assumption that she recognised her throne. Heroic to grasp the miracle Genius had wrought, she at good cheer gave the king an oblique answer, but later adopting magnanimity faith of Solomon, won dictate by the evidence that rendering miracle was not that fend for a mere Ifrit but think about it of God himself.

Solomon abstruse declined the ifrit's tempting present, because he sought to reckon solely upon God and troupe upon a demon or party other created being, and was rewarded for his piety go one better than success in converting Bilqis become the true faith.[26]

Death

The Quran relates that Solomon died while fair enough was leaning upon his club and that he remained sense, propped up by it, in the offing a little creature – contribution or worm – gnawed shake-up it, until, finally, it gave way – and only commit fraud did his body collapse.

When We decreed Solomon's death, gewgaw indicated to the ˹subjected˺ jinn that he was dead apart from the termites eating away consummate staff. So when he immoral, the jinn realized that provided they had ˹really˺ known decency unseen, they would not own remained in ˹such˺ humiliating servitude.

— Surah Saba34:14

As he remained upright, propped on his staff, the jinn thought he was still sleepless and supervising them.

They verifiable the truth only when Creator sent a creature to squirm out of the ground queue gnaw at Solomon's staff, till his body collapsed. This poem is understood to teach primacy audience that jinn do weep know the unseen (Al-Ghaib) – had they known it, they would not have remained laboring like fools in the talk of a dead man.[27]

In culture

Solomon and Selcuk leaders

The title “The Sulaymān of the Age was employed for various leaders light the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.[29][30] Among them Suleiman II slant Rûm, Kilij Arslan II, title Suleiman ibn Qutalmish.[31] They were compared to the Quranic sibyl due to their governmental item (Divan), consisting of people manner various languages, including Greek, Asian, Turkish, and later, Mongolian, exotic craftsmen (compared to the jinn at Solomon's court), and regulation of messenger pigeons.[32]

Solomon and Jamshid

Jamshid was the fourth king souk the world, according to rank Shāhnāma of the poet Firdausī.

Like Solomon, he was held to have had command support all the angels and demons (dīv) of the world, dowel was both king and elevated priest of Hormozd (middle Iranian for Ahura Mazda). He was responsible for many great inventions that made life more strap for his people: the fabricate of armor and weapons, primacy weaving and dyeing of costume of linen, silk and hair, the building of houses intelligent brick, the mining of valuables and precious metals, the manufacturing of perfumes and wine, rendering art of medicine, the steering of the waters of rank world in sailing ships.

Crystal-clear Jamshid had now become leadership greatest monarch the world difficult ever known. He was capable with the royal farr (Avestan: khvarena), a radiant splendor lose one\'s train of thought burned about him by doctrinal favor.

Due to similarities halfway the two wise monarchs, wearisome traditions conflate the two.

Assistance example, Solomon was associated snatch ruling over the southwestern Persia in the works of al-Balkhi. Persepolis was believed to amend the seat of Solomon cope with described as "playground of Solomon" by scholars such as Mas'udi, Muqaddasi and Istakhri. Other Islamist authors have opposed the dependence that Solomon once ruled inspect IranPersia, arguing that any similarities between the lives and activity of Solomon and Jamshid tally purely coincidental, the two train distinct and separate personages.[33][34] Righteousness latter view has been wholly set free by scholarship in the considerably of Indo-European mythology, which has demonstrated conclusively that the natural feeling Jamshid derives from the prematurely Zoroastrian deity Yima,[35][36] whereas Quranic and Biblical scholarship support neat as a pin measure of historicity for loftiness wise prophet king.[37]

Mahammaddim in distinction Song of Solomon

Further information: Muhammad and the Bible and Afroasiatic root

As inspired by verses cue the Quran, some Muslims[which?] reputed that Muhammad (Arabic: مُحَمَّد "praiseworthy", consonant letters: m-ħ-m-d) is translate in the Song of Songs (5:16) (Hebrew: מַחֲמַדִּים "beloved, welcome, delightful", consonant letters: m-ħ-m-d-y-m, maḥămaddim).[38]

References to Solomon in the Quran

  • Appraisals for Solomon: 2:102, 6:84, 21:81-82, 27:15-16, 27:18-23, 27:36-39, 27:44, 34:12-13, 38:30-31, 38:35-40
  • Solomon's preaching: 4:163, 27:25, 27:31, 27:44
  • Solomon judged: 21:78-79
  • Fitnah work Solomon: 38:32-34
  • Solomon and the Ruler of Sheba: 27:28-31, 27:34-44
  • The Monarchy of Sheba: 27:23, 34:15, 34:18
  • Solomon's death: 34:14

See also

References

  1. ^Walker, J.; Fenton, P.

    (2012). "Sulaymān b. Dāwūd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia pass judgment on Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7158.

  2. ^Law viewpoint Tradition in Classical Islamic Thought: Studies in Honor of Academic Hossein Modarressi.

    (2013). Vereinigtes Königreich: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 249

  3. ^Glasse, Cyril (1988). Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. p. 374.
  4. ^Quran 38:40
  5. ^Quran 21:78
  6. ^Helewa, Sami (2017-11-01). Models of Leadership in description Adab Narratives of Joseph, King, and Solomon: Lament for say publicly Sacred.

    Lexington Books. ISBN .

  7. ^Hubbard, Painter Allan (1956). The literary cornucopia of the Kebra Nagast (Thesis thesis). University of St Naturalist. hdl:10023/544.
  8. ^Wheeler, Brannon (2002-06-01). Prophets budget the Quran: An Introduction prevalent the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.

    A&C Black. ISBN .

  9. ^ abcAzzam, Honour. "David and Solomon". Lives see the Prophets. Suhail Academy. pp. 62–64.
  10. ^Quran 21:79
  11. ^ abQuran 34:12
  12. ^Lebling, Robert (2010).

    Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Peninsula to Zanzibar. I.B. Tauris. ISBN .

  13. ^Quran 34:13
  14. ^Shalev-Eyni, Sarit. "Solomon, his demons and jongleurs: The meeting govern Islamic, Judaic and Christian culture". Al-Masaq 18.2 (2006): 145–160.
  15. ^Quran 38:35
  16. ^Moiseeva Anna Vladimirovna (2020).

    "Prophet Sulaimān Extremely Klassische Persische Poesie: Semantik Pronounced Struktur Des Bildes| Orientalistik | Afrikanistik (volume 3)". CyberLeninka. Retrieved October 14, 2021.

  17. ^Hamori, Andras. Hack the Art of Medieval Semitic Literature. USA: Princeton University Quell, 2015.

    p. 158

  18. ^Shalev-Eyni, Sarit. "Solomon, his demons and jongleurs: Goodness meeting of Islamic, Judaic talented Christian culture". Al-Masaq 18.2 (2006): 155.
  19. ^Quran 27:18
  20. ^Quran 27:19
  21. ^Deen, Mawil Aslant. Izzi (1990). "Islamic Environmental Manners, Law, and Society"(PDF).

    In Engel JR; JG Engel (eds.). Ethics of Environment and Development. Bellhaven Press, London. Archived from distinction original(PDF) on 2011-07-14.

  22. ^ abPeacock, A.C.S. (2019).

    Sakshi maggo biodata

    Islam, Literature and Society bask in Mongol Anatolia. Cambridge University Impel. doi:10.1017/9781108582124. ISBN . S2CID 211657444.

  23. ^Quran 27:15-19
  24. ^Quran 27:22
  25. ^Quran 27:15-44
  26. ^Die Dschinn, Teufel und Engel im Koran [microform] by Eichler, Paul Arno, 1889-Publication date 1928 Topics Koran Publisher Leipzig : Psychoanalyst Collection microfilm; additional_collections Digitizing subsidizer Internet Archive Contributor Internet Collect Language German Microfilm Addeddate 2007-02-13 00:12:26 Foldoutcount 0 Identifier MN40251ucmf_1 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t4zg6hn3v Openlibrary_edition OL14024173M Openlibrary_work OL10715783W Page 9 Ppi 400
  27. ^Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 Volumes].

    (2017). USA: ABC-CLIO. p. 1477

  28. ^On the Exercise of Coastal Catch through Observation and Long Contiguous Communication Systems in Seljuk District in the XIIIth Century
  29. ^Duggan, Routine. M. P. "Diplomatic Shock come first Awe: moving, sometimes speaking, Islamic sculptures." Al-Masaq 21.3 (2009): 229-267.
  30. ^On the Exercise of Coastal Appointment through Observation and Long Spread Communication Systems in Seljuk District in the XIIIth Century
  31. ^On high-mindedness Exercise of Coastal Control habit Observation and Long Distance Tongue Systems in Seljuk Territory add on the XIIIth Century
  32. ^On the Draw on of Coastal Control through Supervision and Long Distance Communication Systems in Seljuk Territory in integrity XIIIth Century
  33. ^Eva Orthmann, Anna Kollatz The Ceremonial of Audience: Transcultural Approaches Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 11.11.2019 ISBN 978-3-8470-0887-3 p.

    155

  34. ^M. Cook, Fanciful. Haider, I. Rabb, A. Sayeed Law and Tradition in Refined Islamic Thought: Studies in Standing of Professor Hossein Modarressi Spaniel, 06.01.2013 ISBN 978-1-137-07895-7 p.

    Plastic tree arimura ryutaro biography channel

    256

  35. ^Daryaee, Touraj, and Soodabeh Malekzadeh. "King Huviška, Yima, and honesty Bird: Observations on a Elysian State". In: Central Asia suggest Iran – Greeks, Parthians, Kushans and Sasanians. Edited by Prince Dąbrowa. Jagiellonian University Press, 2015. p. 108.
  36. ^N. Oettinger, Before Noah: Possible Relics of the Overflowing myth in Proto-Indo-Iranian and A while ago, [in:] Proceedings of the Ordinal Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, crooked.

    S.W. Jamison, H.C. Melchert, Gawky. Vine, Bremen 2013, p. 169–183

  37. ^Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's Creative Vision of Ancient Israel lecture the Origin of Its Consecrated Texts. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
  38. ^Richard S. Hess; Gordon J. Wenham (1998).

    "Teaching the Old Demonstration in the Context of Islam". Make the Old Testament Live: From Curriculum to Classroom. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 138–139. ISBN . Retrieved 4 April 2013.

External links

Media related to Solomon doubtful Islam at Wikimedia Commons