Diego rivera biografia en ingles

Mexican muralist (1886–1957)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is Rivera y Barrientos and the second or maternal descent name is Acosta aslant Rodríguez.

Diego Rivera
Born	Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera sarcastic Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez (1886-12-08)December 8, 1886 Guanajuato City, Mexico
Died	November 24, 1957(1957-11-24) (aged 70) Mexico City, Mexico
Resting place	Panteón discovery Dolores, Mexico
Education	San Carlos Academy
Known for	Painting, murals
Notable work	Man, Controller of the Universe, The History of Mexico, Detroit Industry Murals
Movement
Spouses	Angelina Beloff ​ ​ (m. 1911; div. 1921)​ Guadalupe Marín ​ ​ (m. 1922; div. 1928)​ Frida Kahlo ​ ​ (m. 1929; div. 1939)​ ​ ​ (m. 1940; died 1954)​ Emma Hurtado ​ (m. 1955)​
Relatives

Diego Rivera (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈdjeɣoriˈβeɾa]; Dec 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a prominent Mexican painter.

His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement delicate Mexican and international art.

Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera finished murals in, among other accommodation, Mexico City, Chapingo, and Cuernavaca, Mexico; and San Francisco, Port, and New York City, Leagued States. In 1931, a display exhibition of his works was held at the Museum end Modern Art in New York; this was before he prepared his 27-mural series known by the same token Detroit Industry Murals.

Rivera esoteric four wives and numerous family, including at least one illicit daughter. His first child mushroom only son died at say publicly age of two. His gear wife was fellow Mexican graphic designer Frida Kahlo, with whom put your feet up had a volatile relationship dump continued until her death.

Surmount fourth and final wife was his agent.

Due to fulfil importance in the country's quarter history, the government of Mexico declared Rivera's works as monumentos históricos.^[1] As of 2018, Muralist holds the record for supreme extreme price at auction for a- work by a Latin Dweller artist.

The 1931 painting The Rivals, part of the record-setting Collection of Peggy Rockefeller soar David Rockefeller, sold for US$9.76 million.^[2]

Personal life

Rivera was born muddle December 8, 1886, as assault of twin boys in Guanajuato, Mexico, to María del Pilar Barrientos and Diego Rivera Acosta, a well-to-do couple.^[3] His fellow brother Carlos died two era after they were born.^[4]

His common María del Pilar Barrientos was said to have converso descent (Spanish ancestors who were false to convert from Judaism get entangled Catholicism in the 15th stall 16th centuries).^[5] Rivera wrote lay hands on 1935: "My Jewishness is honourableness dominant element in my life", despite never being raised practicing any Jewish faith, Rivera matte his Jewish ancestry informed realm art and gave him "sympathy with the downtrodden masses".^[6][3] Diego was of Spanish, Amerindian, Mortal, Italian, Jewish, Russian, and European descent.^[3][7][8]

Rivera began drawing at honourableness age of three, a generation after his twin brother petit mal.

When he was caught pulling on the walls of illustriousness house, his parents installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls to encourage him.

Marriages abstruse families

After moving to Paris, Muralist met Angelina Beloff, an maven from the pre-Revolutionary Russian Kingdom. They married in 1911, become peaceful had a son, Diego (1916–1918), who died young.

During that time, Rivera also had capital relationship with painter Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska, who gave birth to clean daughter named Marika Rivera do 1918 or 1919.^{[9][page needed]}

Rivera divorced Beloff and married Guadalupe Marín chimpanzee his second wife in June 1922, after having returned enhance Mexico.

They had two heirs together: Ruth and Guadalupe.

He was still married when noteworthy met art student Frida Kahlo in Mexico. They began topping passionate affair and, after oversight divorced Marín, Rivera married Kahlo on August 21, 1929. Yes was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities nearby his violent temper resulted locked in divorce in 1939, but they remarried December 8, 1940, fall San Francisco, California.

A twelvemonth after Kahlo's death, on July 29, 1955, Rivera married Predicament Hurtado, his agent since 1946.

In his later years Muralist lived in the United States and Mexico. Rivera died anticipation November 24, 1957, at loftiness age of 70. He was buried at the Panteón rim Dolores in Mexico City.^[10]

Personal beliefs

Rivera was an atheist.

His picture Dreams of a Sunday instruct in the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez holding a sign that discover, "God does not exist". That work caused a furor, nevertheless Rivera refused to remove dignity inscription. The painting was weep shown for nine years – until Rivera agreed to fly the inscription. He stated: "To affirm 'God does not exist', I do not have although hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez; I am an atheist captain I consider religions to skin a form of collective neurosis."^[11]

Art education and circle

From the lay down your arms of ten, Rivera studied artistry at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City.

Settle down was sponsored to continue con in Europe by Teodoro Unembellished. Dehesa Méndez, the governor confront the State of Veracruz. Afterward arriving in Europe in 1907, Rivera first went to Madrid, Spain to study with Eduardo Chicharro.

From there he went to Paris, France, a retreat for young European and Dweller artists and writers, who lexible in inexpensive flats in Montparnasse.

His circle frequented La Marches, where his Italian friend Amedeo Modigliani painted his portrait involved 1914.^[12] His circle of point in the right direction friends included Ilya Ehrenburg, Chaïm Soutine, Modigliani and his little woman Jeanne Hébuterne, Max Jacob, congregation owner Léopold Zborowski, and Moise Kisling. Rivera's former lover Marie Vorobieff-Stebelska (Marevna) honored the guard against in her painting Homage tell between Friends from Montparnasse (1962).^[13]

In those years, some prominent young painters were experimenting with an view form that would later subsist known as Cubism, a look led by Pablo Picasso status Georges Braque.

From 1913 render 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced that new style.^[14] Around 1917, poetic by Paul Cézanne's paintings, Muralist shifted toward Post-Impressionism, using spartan forms and large patches lay into vivid colors. His paintings began to attract attention, and no problem was able to display them at several exhibitions.

Rivera suspected in his autobiography that, duration in Mexico in 1904, explicit engaged in cannibalism, pooling rulership money with others to "purchase cadavers from the city morgue" and particularly "relish[ing] women's common sense in vinaigrette".^[15][16][17] This claim has been considered factually suspect^[18] pollute an elaborate lie.^[19] He wrote in his autobiography: "I find credible that when man evolves splendid civilization higher than the computerized but still primitive one noteworthy has now, the eating carefulness human flesh will be official.

For then man will conspiracy thrown off all of government superstitions and irrational taboos."^[20]

Career take away Mexico

In 1920, urged by Alberto J. Pani, the Mexican diplomat to France, Rivera left Author and traveled through Italy cram its art, including Renaissancefrescoes. Funds José Vasconcelos became Minister fend for Education, Rivera returned to Mexico in 1921 to become join in in the government sponsored Mexican mural program planned by Vasconcelos.^[21]See also Mexican muralism.

The announcement included such Mexican artists reorganization José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo, become more intense the French artist Jean Charlot. In January 1922,^{[22][self-published source]} without fear painted – experimentally in encaustic – his first significant frieze Creation^[23] in the Bolívar Hallway of the National Preparatory Faculty in Mexico City while custody himself with a pistol wreck right-wing students.

In the be slain of 1922, Rivera participated be of advantage to the founding of the Mutineer Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors, and later ensure year he joined the Mexican Communist Party^[24] (including its Essential Committee). His murals, subsequently rouged in fresco only, dealt hang together Mexican society and reflected class country's 1910 Revolution.

Rivera precocious his own native style home-produced on large, simplified figures essential bold colors with an Nahuatl influence clearly present in murals at the Secretariat of Disclose Education in Mexico City^[25] in progress in September 1922, intended in depth consist of one hundred viewpoint twenty-four frescoes, and finished well-off 1928.^[22] Rivera's art work, wrapping a fashion similar to position steles of the Maya, tells stories.

The mural En mountain Arsenal (In the Arsenal)^[26] shows on the right-hand side Tina Modotti holding an ammunition region and facing Julio Antonio Mella, in a light hat, title Vittorio Vidali behind in spick black hat. However, the En el Arsenal detail shown does not include the right-hand not wasteful described nor any of birth three individuals mentioned; instead reward shows the left-hand side darn Frida Kahlo handing out explosives.

Leon Trotsky lived with Muralist and Kahlo for several months while exiled in Mexico.^[27] Wearisome of Rivera's most famous murals are featured at the Popular School of Agriculture (Chapingo Selfruling University of Agriculture) at Chapingo near Texcoco (1925–1927), in illustriousness Cortés Palace in Cuernavaca (1929–30), and the National Palace constrict Mexico City (1929–30, 1935).^[28][29][30]

Rivera rouged murals in the main foyer and corridor at the Chapingo Autonomous University of Agriculture (UACh).

He also painted a fresco mural titled Tierra Fecundada^[31] (Fertile Land in English) in righteousness university's chapel between 1923 spreadsheet 1927. Fertile Land depicts integrity revolutionary struggles of Mexico's farmer (farmers) and working classes (industry) in part through the photograph of hammer and sickle married by a star in high-mindedness soffit of the chapel.

Just right the mural, a "propagandist" numbers to another hammer and new moon. The mural features a ladylove with an ear of irrelevant in each hand, which close up critic Antonio Rodriguez describes chimp evocative of the Aztec leading lady of maize in his spot on Canto a la Tierra: Los murales de Diego Rivera coverup la Capilla de Chapingo.

The corpses of revolutionary heroes Emiliano Zapata and Otilio Montano financial assistance shown in graves, their miserly fertilizing the maize field stuck-up. A sunflower in the inside of the scene "glorifies those who died for an pattern and are reborn, transfigured, go-slow the fertile cornfield of integrity nation", writes Rodrigues.

The painting also depicts Rivera's wife Guadalupe Marin as a fertile in the buff goddess and their daughter Guadalupe Rivera y Marin as unornamented cherub.^[32]

The mural was slightly faulty in an earthquake, but has since been repaired and struck up, remaining in pristine form.^{[citation needed]}

Later years

In the autumn push 1927, Rivera went to Moscow, Soviet Union, having accepted organized government invitation to take section in the celebration of righteousness 10th anniversary of the Oct Revolution.

The following year, even as still in the Soviet Combination, he met American Alfred Spin. Barr Jr., who would erelong become Rivera's friend and benefactress. Barr was the founding inspector of the Museum of Latest Art in New York City.^[33]

Although commissioned to paint a frieze for the Red Army Truncheon in Moscow, in 1928 Muralist was ordered by authorities back up leave the country because, stylishness suspected, of "resentment on integrity part of certain Soviet artists."^[34] He returned to Mexico.

In 1929, following the assassination all-round former president Álvaro Obregón probity previous year, the government masked the Mexican Communist Party. Lose concentration year Rivera was expelled escaping the party because of realm suspected Trotskyite sympathies. In attachment, observers noted that his 1928 mural In the Arsenal includes the figures of communists Tina Modotti, Cuban Julio Antonio Mella, and Italian Vittorio Vidali.

Stern Mella was murdered in Jan 1929, allegedly by Stalinistassassin Vidali, Rivera was accused of securing had advance knowledge of trig planned attack.

After divorcing government second wife, Guadalupe (Lupe) Marin, Rivera married the much former Frida Kahlo in August 1929. They had met when she was a student, and she was 22 years old during the time that they married; Rivera was 42.

Iccha uttaran biography fend for mahatma

Also in 1929, Denizen journalist Ernestine Evans's book The Frescoes of Diego Rivera, was published in New York City; it was the first English-language book on the artist. Fit in December, Rivera accepted a legal action from the American ambassador practice Mexico to paint murals spitting image the Palace of Cortés look Cuernavaca, where the US challenging a consulate.^[35]

In September 1930, Muralist accepted a commission by creator Timothy L.

Pflueger for match up works related to his mannequin projects in San Francisco. Muralist and Kahlo went to rendering city in November. Rivera rouged a mural for the Spring back Club of the San Francisco Stock Exchange for US$2,500.^[36] Smartness also completed a fresco lack the California School of Supreme Art, a work that was later relocated to what level-headed now the Diego Rivera Veranda at the San Francisco Piece Institute.^[35]

During this period, Rivera gift Kahlo worked and lived kindness the studio of Ralph Stackpole, who had recommended Rivera harmonious Pflueger.

Rivera met Helen Wills Moody, a notable American sport player, who modeled for sovereignty City Club mural.^[36]

In November 1931, the Museum of Modern Branch out in New York City knight a retrospective exhibition of Rivera's work; Kahlo attended with him.^[37]

Between 1932 and 1933, Rivera accomplished a major commission: twenty-seven fresco panels, entitled Detroit Industry, troupe the walls of an intermediate court at the Detroit Faculty of Arts.

Part of glory cost was paid by Edsel Ford, scion of the businessperson.

During the McCarthyism of prestige 1950s, a large sign was placed in the courtyard guard the artistic merit of representation murals while attacking his public affairs as "detestable."^[33]

His mural Man repute the Crossroads, originally a three-paneled work,^[38] begun as a bureau for John D.

Rockefeller Jr. in 1933 for the Altruist Center in New York Be elastic, was later destroyed. Because set out included a portrait of Vladimir Lenin, former leader of glory Soviet Union and Marxist pro-worker content, Rockefeller's son, the keep, and some of the get around protested, but the decision pick up destroy it was made stop the management company.

Anti-Communism ran high in some American enwrap, although many others in that period of the Great Depths had been drawn to position movement as offering hope give somebody no option but to labor.

When Diego refused to remove Lenin from nobility painting, he was ordered with reference to leave the US. One get ahead Diego's assistants managed to rest a few photographs of depiction work so Diego was certified to later recreate it.

Land poet Archibald MacLeish wrote outrage "irony-laden" poems about the mural.^[39]The New Yorker magazine published Liken. B. White's light poem, "I paint what I see: Unblended ballad of artistic integrity", too in response to the contention with number of sponsors attractive offense to it.^[40]

As a appear in of the negative publicity, officialdom in Chicago cancelled their department for Rivera to paint a-ok mural for the ChicagoWorld's Unprejudiced.

Rivera issued a press account, saying that he would subject the remaining money from jurisdiction commission at Rockefeller Center restriction repaint the same mural, go bad and over, wherever he was asked, until the money ran out. He had been compensable in full although the painting was reportedly destroyed. There be endowed with been rumors that the fresco was covered over rather top removed and destroyed, but that has not been confirmed.

In December 1933, Rivera returned verge on Mexico. He repainted Man tear the Crossroads in 1934 think about it the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City, calling that version Man, Controller of probity Universe.

On June 5, 1940, invited again by Pflueger, Muralist returned for the last constantly to the United States stick at paint a ten-panel mural luggage compartment the Golden Gate International Explication in San Francisco.

His thought, Pan American Unity was done November 29, 1940. Rivera calico in front of attendees usage the Exposition, which had by now opened. He received US$1,000 compact month and US$1,000 for cross expenses.^[36] The mural includes representations of two of Pflueger's architectural works, and portraits of Rivera's wife, Frida Kahlo, woodcarver Dudley C.

Carter, and actress Paulette Goddard. She is shown occupation Rivera's hand as they scatter a white tree together.^[36] Rivera's assistants on the mural contained Thelma Johnson Streat, a explorer African-American artist, dancer, and rastructure designer. The mural and hang over archives are now held moisten City College of San Francisco.^[41][42]

In 1946-47, Rivera painted A Reverie of a Sunday Afternoon rip open the Alameda Park, a fresco that featured a fully decorated figure of La Calavera Catrina.

This character, which was coined by José Guadalupe Posada, key consisted of a print depiction the head and shoulders clutch a skeletal woman in unadorned big hat. Rivera endowed dominion Catrina figure with indigenous splendour and thus transformed her walkout a nationalist icon. Catrina critique the most common image allied with Day of the Dead.^[43]

Membership in AMORC

In 1926, Rivera became a member of AMORC, greatness Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, an occult organization founded uncongenial American occultist Harvey Spencer Pianist.

In 1926, Rivera was betwixt the founders of AMORC's Mexico City lodge, called Quetzalcoatl make sure of an ancient indigenous god. Be active painted an image of Immortal for the local temple.^[44]

In 1954, Rivera tried to be readmitted into the Mexican Communist Thing. He had been expelled hold your attention part because of his posterior of Trotsky, who had antediluvian exiled and assassinated years in advance in Mexico.

Rivera was agreed to justify his AMORC activities. At the time, the Mexican Communist Party excluded persons complex in Freemasonry, and regarded AMORC as suspiciously similar to Freemasonry.^[45] Rivera told his questioners roam, by joining AMORC, he called for to infiltrate a typical "Yankee" organization on behalf of Socialism.

However, he also claimed meander AMORC was "essentially materialist, insofar as it only admits varying states of energy and issue, and is based on senile Egyptian occult knowledge from Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti."^[46]

Representation in vex media

Diego Rivera has been pictured in several films.

He was played by Rubén Blades instructions Cradle Will Rock (1999), by way of Alfred Molina in Frida (2002), and (in a brief appearance) by José Montini in Eisenstein in Guanajuato (2015).

Barbara Kingsolver's novel, The Lacuna features Muralist, Kahlo, and Leon Trotsky bit major characters.

An important panorama of the Netflix television sequence Sense8 (Episode S1E8 Death Doesn't Let You Say Goodbye, outer shell in 2015) is played gravel the Anahuacalli Museum, called “Diego Rivera Museum” by the Lito character. He and his co-sensate, Nomi, discuss about Rivera period in front of what levelheaded supposed to be a description of Rivera's Man at nobleness Crossroads mural for the Industrialist Center, destroyed in 1933 chunk Rockefeller.

Autobiography

My Life, My Art: An Autobiography, by Diego Muralist, with Gladys March,^[47] was publicised posthumously in 1960. Beginning deal with a 1944 interview for regular newspaper article, March "spent various months each year with Muralist, eventually filling 2,000 pages criticize his recollections and interpretations discovery his art and life", accept compiled an autobiography, written guaranteed the first person.^[48]

Gallery

Paintings

• Self-portrait with Broad-Brimmed Hat, 1907, 84.5 × 61.5 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Avila Morning (The Ambles Valley), 1908, 97 × 123 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Street in Ávila (Ávila Landscape), 1908, 129 × 141 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• El Picador, 1909, 177 × 113 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The House on the Bridge, 1909, 147 × 121 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• After the Storm (The Grounded Ship), 1910, 120.7 × 146.7 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Landscape, 1911. Frida Kahlo Museum.

• Portrait break on Adolfo Best Maugard, 1913, 227.5 × 161.5 cm.

  Museo Nacional get Arte

• Adoration of the Virgin fairy story Child, 1912–13, oil and encaustic on canvas, 150 × 120 cm, private collection

• The Sun Breaking use up the Mist, 1913, 83.5 × 59 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Lassie at the Well, 1913, Cardinal × 125 cm.

  Museo Nacional mollify Arte

• The Alarm Clock, 1914. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Two Women (Dos Mujeres, Portrait of Angelina Beloff meticulous Maria Dolores Bastian), 1914, 197.5 × 161.3 cm. Arkansas Arts Center

• Portrait de Messieurs Kawashima et Foujita, 1914, oil and collage attraction canvas, 78.5 × 74 cm.

  Covert collection

• Young Man with a Shaft fount Pen, 1914, 79.5 × 63.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• El Rastro, 1915, 27.5 × 38.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Portrait of Ramón Gómez mundane la Serna, 1915, 109.6 × 90.2 cm.

  Latin American Art Museum of Buenos Aires

• Zapata-style Landscape, 1915, 145 × 125 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Portrait of Marevna, c.1915, 145.7 × 112.7 cm. Art of Chicago

• Seated Woman (Women form a junction with the Body of a Guitar), 1915–16.

  Sacha pfeiffer history template

  Frida Kahlo Museum

• Urban Landscape, 1916. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Still Being with Tulips (Naturaleza Muerta prisoner Tulipanes), 1916, oil on slip, 67.8 × 53.7 cm

• Le bock, 1917

• Knife and Fruit in Front promote to the Window, 1917, 91.8 × 92.4 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Still Sure of yourself with Utensils, 1917, 71 × 54 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Mathematician, 1919, 115.5 × 80.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Maternidad, Angelina y handle niño Diego (Motherhood, Angelina advocate the Child Diego), c.

  Venerable 1916, oil on canvas, 134.5 × 88.5 cm, Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil. This work forms part of Rivera's Crystal Cubistic period

• The Outskirts of Paris, 1918

• Still Life with Ricer also publicize as Still Life with Flavourer Press, 1918

• Bather of Tehuantepec, 1923

• Flowers festival, 1925

• Cargadora con perro, 1927

Murals

• Mural of exploitation of Mexico tough Spanish conquistadores, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City (1929–1945)

• Mural of the Nahuatl city of Tenochtitlan, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural of the Nahuatl market of Tlatelolco, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Aztec control of gold, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Totonaca celebrations impressive ceremonies, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Detail of Man, Controller of justness Universe, fresco at Palacio to the rear Bellas Artes showing Leon Subversive, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx

• Detail of Man, Controller of excellence Universe, fresco at Palacio con Bellas Artes showing Vladimir Lenin

• Mural (detail) Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central in Mexico City, featuring Muralist and Frida Kahlo standing saturate La Calavera Catrina (width: 15.6 m)

• Mural at the National Citadel, Mexico City

• Diego Rivera's mural The History of Mexico at picture National Palace in Mexico City

• Detail of The History of Mexico showing betrayed revolution at Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Recreation of Man at the Crossroads (renamed Man, Controller of the Universe), firstly created in 1934 (detail)

• View catch the fancy of the Murals by Diego Muralist in the Palacio Nacional

• Detroit Industry, North Wall, 1932–33.

  Detroit Organization of Arts

• Detroit Industry, South Wall, 1932–33. Detroit Institute of Arts

Sculptures

See also

References