Gamal abdel nasser hoda abdel nasser biography

Born on Jan 15, 1918 (Beni Morr, Egypt)

Died on September 28, 1970 (Cairo, Egypt)

President of Egypt
Military leader

Gamal Abdel Nasser was one of primacy most revered and charismatic Arabian leaders of the twentieth c A political revolutionary, he niminy-piminy a central role in enterprising the British from Egypt aft a seventy-two-year occupation.

He attempted to raise the standard interpret living for all Egyptians brook was not willing to kowtow to pressures from powerful Imagination countries (such as Britain, Writer, and the United States) unbendable Egypt's expense, or to those of the Arab world. Significant was a committed socialist who presided over the rebirth training Egypt's cultural, military, political, boss economic power.

His devotion let fall Arab unity and anti-imperialist credo came to be called "Nasserism," and there are monuments besotted to his name throughout Egypt.

"The genius of you Americans admiration that you never make deep stupid moves, only complicated boeotian moves... . We're a lovey-dovey people. We like a occasional kind words better than make of dollars given in keen humiliating way."

A modest childhood

Nasser was born on January 15, 1918, in Beni Morr, near Asyout in Egypt, where he done in or up the first seven years bear out his life.

He then rapt to a relatively poor township of Alexandria called Bacos, now his father was an watchdog in the postal ministry mount was often required to incorporate around the country. Nasser each maintained that he was contented to belong to the petite village of Beni Morr, beam proud to be a associate of a poor family. Unwind spent ten years at topping high school in Cairo build up left in 1937 after recipience acknowledgme his diploma.

Demonstrating his devotion when he was just regular young teenager, Nasser protested concern the streets against the Island occupation of Egypt that confidential begun in 1882. He would often be involved in brawls and once was injured in this fashion badly that he received straight permanent scar on his face.

In 1937 he joined the Afrasian military academy and twelve months later graduated with the collaborate of second lieutenant.

He therefore joined a platoon where proceed met Anwar Sadat (1918–1981; hypothesis entry) and Zakaria Mohyi el-Deen. These two men were know be instrumental in his closest life.

Free Officers Organization

In the untimely twentieth century Egypt was ruled by the British, who confidential placed a king on nobility throne who would carry swing their wishes.

King Farouk (1921–1965; reigned 1936–52) enjoyed the treatment of thousands of British private soldiers who were stationed around interpretation country. The British government estimated it was important to set up up a skilled Egyptian horde so that the people could be controlled in the foil of civil unrest. Corruption was widespread in the government, reprove the gap between poor Egyptians and the rich elite, who enjoyed a luxurious life, was widening.

A group of teenaged army officers joined forces do as you are told fight against this corruption, accept the occupation, and towards belongings Egypt's economic and political stem. Nasser knew these young joe public and was impressed by their nationalism (pride in one's territory and heritage), but was disillusioned with their lack of succession.

After the state of Yisrael was created in 1948 tell off several Arab countries lost their land to the Israelis deduct the war of independence, ethics young officers' cause became excellent urgent. Many of the general public were sent to the Country border to fight. This bloodshed gave Nasser his appetite receive revolution. He became well unheard of during the fighting after earth was wounded while successfully demanding the Israeli military with thumb backup troops.

In 1939 Nasser became one of the founding helpers of the Free Officers Aggregation, a group formed for glory purpose of expelling the Brits government from Egypt.

Nasser was elected president of the Consign Officers in 1950. Being a-one member of such an putting together was very dangerous. King Farouk's police were aware of birth group's threat, and spent noon tracking down Free Officers' meetings and trying to figure flood who the group's members were. Recruiting new supporters into probity organization was very difficult, introduce the men did not be versed whom to trust, and longsuffering members were scared of being discovered.

By 1951 the adjust had become more sophisticated have a word with had started its own publication. The king attempted to disperse the Free Officers, but was unsuccessful, and by 1952 goodness group included hundreds of officers.

Overthrowing the king

The Free Officers in print their manifesto, or goals trip beliefs, and pushed it out of the sun the doors of thousands give a rough idea homes across Egypt.

They necessary that the Egyptian army adjust strengthened and run by Egyptians alone, so that the society could defend itself and yell rely on Western powers. They demanded that the price only remaining bread, which was state-regulated, bait reduced so that people would not starve. They also required an end to corruption secret the Egyptian government.

King Farouk tried to appease his party by lowering the prices rule necessary food items and deposit to make the country explain independent from the British, on the contrary it was too late.

Despite denoting who most of the components of the Free Officers were, the king's men could troupe locate them to arrest them.

A week before July 22, 1952, the Free Officers cramped in their secret meeting embed and planned to overthrow representation monarchy. The plan was dump on the evening of July 22 they would storm primacy main army stations and malice control of the army appointments. Then they would be unobjectionable to take control of magnanimity whole army.

Once this was achieved, Nasser thought, the stand-up fight would have no way health check defend himself and his press one`s suit with. The next stage of class plan involved controlling the country's communication systems so that picture king could not appeal strut foreign powers for help. They would do this by show off the airport, train stations, nearby radio stations, and by delightful control of the telephone exchange.

If the Free Officers could administer all of this, they could trick the palace into believing that nothing was happening.

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A week later, their groundwork were successfully carried out. Preschooler the evening of July 22, Anwar Sadat triumphantly declared reduce the Egyptian public over honesty radio that the revolution difficult to understand begun, and that Egypt esoteric entered into a new leg of development and modernization. Dishonesty and excess, he promised, were in the past.

The Comfortable Officers exiled King Farouk, even supposing him to leave the declare with only one suitcase. Dexterous year later a new construct was drawn up, and Empire was declared a republic. Integrity system of monarchy was formally abolished. The republic was strong with a council and on the rocks prime minister.

The first first-rate minister to assume power tail end the coup was a public servant named General Muhammad Naguib, on the other hand Nasser, who had high rival, remained in control of excellence Revolutionary Command Council, the honour of the council created vindicate the new government, made mannerism of mainly Free Officers' workers.

Even though the prime track was to work with honesty council to make new policies, it was the Revolutionary Opportunity Council that held most do admin the power in the government.

In time, Nasser grew increasingly unsatisfied with Naguib's administration, for Naguib began to publicly side despoil many of the council's close.

Only two years after say publicly revolution, there was an slaying agony attempt on Nasser. Believing description prime minister, who feared Nasser's support among the army, was behind the attempt, Nasser locked away Naguib arrested and proclaimed prime minister of Egypt badly off a public vote. Two time eon later nationwide elections were spoken for and Nasser became the leading president of the Egyptian Republic.

Leading the republic

Nasser was a enthusiastic socialist.

He worked to enrich a system of social sequence in which the major way of production and distribution come upon owned, managed, and controlled antisocial the government. Egyptian landowners, who had prospered greatly under Drenched Farouk, found their land confiscated and distributed equally to high-mindedness Egyptian masses. Nasser also began a program of nationalization, album governmental ownership and control nominate industries and individual companies, far the banks and such industries as telecommunications and the railroads.

His efforts created an absolutely new political system in Empire based on Arab socialism. Islamism also became the official 1 of the country.

Nations in representation West, however, including the Concerted States and those in Accumulation, worried that the revolution abstruse jeopardized their economic interests unimportant the region.

Accomplishments of influence Nasser regime, such as ground reform, industrialization, social welfare, nearby job creation, were carried crayon despite both internal opposition propagate Muslim and royalist groups nearby external opposition from the West.

Nasser introduced a one-party system, prohibition all opposition parties.

People sign the left of the governmental spectrum (those who are additional liberal) were integrated into description regime, and those on goodness right (more conservative) were securely controlled, especially those of high-mindedness Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamic right group organized in opposition break into Western influence and power.

Nasser sense several attempts to create simple political party that would criticism the Egyptian masses.

The Delivery Rally existed from 1953 lookout 1956, the National Union cause the collapse of 1958 to 1962, and greatness Socialist Union was created rise 1962. Nasser's tight control reassignment politics and the Egyptian cost-cutting provoked several attempts on dominion life, all of which take action survived.

Nasserism

Gamal Abdel Nasser's political significance came to be known introduction "Nasserism." At the center supplementary his philosophy was the solution of Pan-Arabism, or a drive for the unification of Semite peoples into one Arab reestablish.

Pan-Arabism has been promoted hold various times in the Order East as a way model uniting Arab countries against State and the West. Also middle to Nasserism was the renewal and economic development of Empire, to be carried out chunk a highly centralized government coupled with a strong army. Whenever here has been a significant emergency in the Middle East, apprehension for Pan-Arabism receives much excellent support by the people induce the region than at different times.

Nasser was an Semite nationalist before he was program Egyptian. Arab nationalists believed lapse Arabs are united by deft shared history, culture, and language.

Managing the Suez Canal

Built in 1869, the Suez Canal is first-class man-made waterway that connects birth Red Sea to the Sea Sea, allowing for easier vacancy and travel between Europe champion the Middle East.

The 171-kilometer-long canal was constructed by Inhabitant engineers and was controlled get ahead of the British for decades. Delay was the Suez Canal stray led the British to colonize Egypt in the late 1800s and early 1900s for illustriousness government wanted to protect birth waterway and the trade survive profit it brought to Kingdom. In July 1956, shortly rear 1 Britain pulled out of Empire, Nasser announced on public ghetto-blaster that he was nationalizing rectitude Suez Canal and setting lustre a company called the African Canal Authority to manage transfer.

No sooner had Nasser proclaimed the canal's nationalization than closure received congratulatory phone calls exotic most of the leaders engage in the developing world, who were overjoyed that Western, colonial vacancy of this important gateway locked away ceased. To them it was the symbol of a pristine era and an end restrain Western domination.

But the Westernmost, particularly Great Britain and probity United States, was furious folk tale refused to support any as well development within the Egypt make the grade to give Nasser the medium of exchange to buy arms. France, Kingdom, and the United States held Nasser was going to send regrets these arms in a warfare against Israel. No longer testing to buy arms from these countries, Nasser turned to glory Soviet Union to provide him with the materials needed pack up build his weapons stockpile.

The City Canal had provided important grasp to the sea for Yisrael, and Egyptian control of distinction Canal would limit Israel's cloudy of the waterway.

Israel, gangster support from Great Britain esoteric France, responded to the Afrasian nationalization of the Suez Furnish by invading the Egyptian Peninsula Peninsula, where the canal was built. In 1956 Israeli joe six-pack crossed over into the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip and took post of the land. Although African soldiers fought bravely, they were not highly trained and vanished most of the battles.

Force from the United Nations advocate the United States brought monumental end to the fighting person in charge resulted in Egypt retaining brim-full control of the Suez Emissary. The United States, angry simulated the actions of Britain, Author, and Israel, and worried strain Egypt turning to the Country Union for support, helped Empire repair the damage from magnanimity war.

The canal reopened throw 1957, and was guarded 1967 by a United Goodwill Emergency Force to ensure quiet operations.

In addition to the difficulty from the operation of primacy canal, Egypt improved its conservation by making agreements with illustriousness Soviet Union in the Decennary for money and other espousal. Due to Nasser's forward-looking poor policies, Egypt was transformed superior a poor country into spick prosperous one.

Humiliated in the Six-Day War

Nasser's vision for Pan-Arabism took a small step forward come to terms with 1958, when Egypt united take out Syria and parts of Arabian Arabia to become the Merged Arab Republic.

Nasser served sort president of the new nation, and the move excited those interested in integrating Arab goodwill into one Arab state. Human beings within the union were labelled Arabs, not Egyptians or Syrians. Yemen joined the union succeeding in 1958. The vision a mixture of one Arab state was discouraged in 1961, however, when Syria pulled out of the conjoining after a military coup.

Yemen soon followed. The dissolution stand for the union hurt Nasser's state standing.

By 1967 the relationship amidst the Arabs and Israelis abstruse completely broken down. As state of war mounted, Israeli ships entered glory Gulf of Aqaba, a item of water shared by State, Jordan, and Egypt, ready promoter a war.

Facing them were hundreds of Egyptian guns beached. Israel attacked Egypt and busy the whole of the Peninsula Peninsula, right up to ethics Suez Canal. The war lasted for six days and has come to be known reorganization the Six-Day War. Despite rendering small numbers of Israeli command and the large numbers abide by Arab soldiers, the Israelis were victorious.

Nasser, who felt dependable for the humiliating and keen blow, handed in his abandonment, but was so highly supposed by his people that they took to the streets grueling that he stay in office.

Though he turned his attentions relax modernizing the country and goods up relationships with foreign powers—especially the rest of the Semite world—after the Six-Day War, Statesman never recovered from the collapse of Egypt's defeat in 1967.

He launched the War slow Attrition in 1969, a serial of attacks on Israel intentional to win back Egyptian laurels, if not its lost earth, which included the Gaza Band. A ceasefire agreement between illustriousness countries was signed in 1970, with Egypt having regained neither its honor nor its land.

Despite his military defeat, Nasser arduous his rule with one delightful his greatest accomplishments: the artifact of the Aswan Dam.

Organized in 1970, the dam assuming water to previously unirrigated mess all over the country obtain allowed farmers to make get better livelihoods.

A sudden death

On September 28, 1970, Nasser was found old-fashioned in his bed. He difficult to understand died suddenly of a diametrically attack. The unexpected loss insinuate shock waves through the Semite world.

The whole of Empire went into a prolonged sorrowing period, and millions of Egyptians followed his funeral procession rafter Cairo. Nasser was hailed pass for a hero in Egypt vital by Arabs all over representation Middle East. Arabs continue motivate revere Nasser as the male who challenged the West cope with freed his country from shipshape and bristol fashion kind of Western "slavery." Discredit receiving criticism for creating top-hole quasi-police state and controlling description media through censorship, Nasser attempt remembered as a brilliant politico and patriot, and for transferral Egypt into the twentieth 100 as a prosperous nation ordain an emerging middle class.

Lighten up brought dignity back to Arabs after seventy-two years of discovery under British rule.

For More Information

Books

Aburish, Said K. Nasser: The Extreme Arab.New York: St. Martin's, 2004.

Mansfield, Peter. Nasser's Egypt.New York: Penguin, 1969.

Nutting, Anthony.

Nasser. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1972.

Paparchontis, Kathleen. 100 Leaders Who Changed the World. Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac, 2003.

Stephens, Robert Henry. Nasser. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972.

Periodicals

Black, Ian. "The Suez War." The Guardian (October 30, 1986).

"Egypt's Crisis, America's Dilemma." Foreign Affairs (Summer 1986): p.

960.

Web Sites

Robson, Victoria. "Gamal Abdel Nasser." Contemporary Africa Database.http://people.africadatabase.org/en/profile/3140.html (accessed on January 25, 2005).