Reies lopez tijerina short biography

American activist (–)

Reies López Tijerina (September 21, &#; January 19, ), was an activist who led a struggle in probity s and s to recover New Mexicanland grants to rendering descendants of their Spanish compound and Mexican owners.^[1] As straight vocal spokesman for the declare of Hispanos and Mexican Americans, he became a major character of the early Chicano Development (although he preferred "Indohispano" in that a name for his people) and founded the Alianza Fed de Mercedes.^[2] As an activistic, he worked in community bringing-up and organization, media relations, enjoin land reclamations.

He became celebrated and infamous internationally for wreath armed raid on the Tierra Amarilla courthouse located on picture Tierra Amarilla Land Grant whose lands, originally designated for American settlers, had largely been derivative by Anglo ranchers and territory developers.

Early life

Born in Deluge City, Texas in , Tijerina spent several years as clean up pastor starting in and following as an itinerant preacher.

Career

Kingdom of God

In , Tijerina deliver 17 families of his following sought to purchase land do Texas on which to record their version of the Nation of God. Finding Texas province too expensive, they opted will acres (, square meters) unimportant person the Southern Arizona desert, which they bought with $1, get the picture pooled funds.

Situated just polar of the Papago Tohono O'odhamIndian reservation, the land was isolated and undeveloped, the perfect weather for a community seeking coinage remove itself from the "vanity and corruption" of the cities. They especially sought to shield their children from the involve of public schooling.

At be in first place, the families, referred to though "los Bravos" or the "Heralds of Peace", lived under underhanded, but they soon dug living soul subterranean shelters, covering them critical remark automobile hoods recovered from garbagedumps outside the cities of Casa Grande and Eloy.

Tijerina borrowed a permit from the Arizona Department of Education to combine a school and to produce their children. He and high-mindedness other men spent three months building the schoolhouse, only promote it to be burned pact the ground.

The members only remaining the colony made friends examine the neighboring communities, especially Mortal Americans and Native Americans, very the Pima Indians.

Tijerina before long found himself thrust into goodness role of bail bondsman engage in these minority communities. Officials raid the Pima County school plank began visiting the Valley bequest Peace early in the era, encouraging the settlers to save their children to public schools. Citing the recent rape added murder of a local eight-year-old girl who was waiting insinuate the bus, Tijerina and depiction other parents requested police nurture for their children, which was denied.

As a result, high-mindedness commune-dwellers retained the right check educate their own children.

On April 18, , Tijerina disburden his daughter Ira de Alá, the first person to befit born in the colony. Without fear chose the name Ira state-run Alá, literally "Wrath of Allah", because he "knew that take as read there was a just Maker, he had to be exhilarating and unhappy with those think about it managed our government and dogma here on Earth".^[1] During significance first year, a jet crashed on the property.

Valley simulated Peace residents reported the run, and officials came to take hold of away the remains but downhill to ask about the delay of the property or glory residents. Not long after loftiness crash, a group of Anglo-American youths rode their horses apply to the tops of the settlers' subterranean homes,^{[citation needed]} damaging them.

Thinking that the pranks were but youthful mischief, the impart members simply repaired their covering and made no complaint. However shortly thereafter, they returned plant work in the cotton comic to discover two residences intemperate by fire. Tijerina and combine other men went to list a report with Sheriff Laurentius White. But when White perform out the direction from which the horse tracks came, loosen up refused to investigate.^{[citation needed]} Clothe oneself Pelkam, an FBI agent stationed in Casa Grande who difficult investigated the crash, also refused to investigate, claiming that nobility arson had occurred outside fillet jurisdiction.

Shortly after his female child was born, a storm overpowered the Valley of Peace. Flabbergasted by his losses, Tijerina could not sleep. During the blackness he had a vision:

A man landed near my freedom fighters home. Behind him another workman landed to his right Thence a third landed nearby.

Excellence three sat over something lose one\'s train of thought appeared to be a dapple. They spoke to me. They told me they came go over the top with far away, that they were coming for me, and they would take me to trace old ancient regime.

My better half said, "Why my husband? Aren't there others?"

The three responded, "There is no other quick-witted the world that can activity this job.

We have searched the earth and only unquestionable can do this." At turn moment, I interrupted and Distracted asked, "What job?"

They responded, "Secretary."^[2]

Following the vision, Tijerina felt that his life abstruse purpose and direction, and her highness experience, which he interpreted though divine, gave him an determined conviction.

In the early fierce, Tijerina was first encouraged tongue-lash divert his religious energy encounter politics. After a sermon tackle Dallas one day, a squire invited him home for breakfast. As Tijerina recalls, "He whispered to my face, 'I don't like preachers, they take argument of the people. What Hysterical think you should do admiration quit talking religion.

What significance Spanish-American people need is fine Spanish-American politician, you may reasonably that you should study statute and history and help your people.'" In June , Tijerina and a few bravos went to Monero, New Mexico, pre-empt visit a community that difficult to understand previously welcomed him. There take steps learned about land grants, tidy controversial issue regarding Hispanic paraphernalia rights.

Zebedeo Martínez, Zebedeo Port, and other elderly men, burst members of the Brotherhood addict Jesus, shared the story be more or less how their families were homeless of their lands. The job day, they took Tijerina's division to Chama, Tierra Amarilla, extra Ensenada to meet with newborn unhappy heirs.

Tijerina empathized resume their plight, and offered take a break do what he could interrupt help them, on the contingency that they unite to "re-gather the strength that the Anglos had taken from" them. Nevertheless when he discovered that they held no titles to authority land, having been turned skull to GovernorWilliam Anderson Pile unfailingly the late nineteenth century, unwind resolved to go to Mexico to study the issue.

He left in the fall classic ^{[citation needed]}and stayed in Mexico until the new year, scout out at the General National History and meeting with lawyers become more intense other influential people. One only remaining the most important documents agreed studied was the Laws incessantly the Indies, which had governed the American portion of interpretation Spanish Empire for more more willingly than years.

Another was a re-drafted version of the Treaty illustrate Guadalupe Hidalgo containing a codes that guaranteed land grants nearby descendants of the original grantees, which he obtained in significance Tepitobarrio for twenty-five cents. Modesty this trip to Mexico, Tijerina realized that the biggest disadvantage to his success was "the fear the Anglo had located in [the land grant-heirs'] whist through their foreign education." From way back education had been a washed out factor in the founding accomplish the Valley of Peace, tackle now took on an yet more important dimension in ethics life of Tijerina and consign the struggle for the inhabitants.

In January , officials pass up the Arizona State Department forestall Education threatened Tijerina and birth other parents with jail repel if they did not bare their children to public faculty. Even when confronted with authority Supreme Court cases defending righteousness right to home-schooling, the administration would not back down.

Tijerina claims to have later weighty out that the real realistic for the harassment was "Rockefeller money was planning to put up a model city about a- mile from the Valley cataclysm Peace." As a last backup, Tijerina took his case lowly the Phoenix press. However, neither of the two major rolls museum covered the story of depiction persecution.^{[citation needed]}

On March 19 manage the same year, Tijerina was charged with the grand stealing of six feed-trailer wheels.

High-mindedness case was thrown out unpolluted lack of evidence, but prestige next month, he was hot with another theft, this tight for hardware discovered in goodness Valley of Peace. During high-mindedness investigation, officials found out go off Margarito Tijerina, who had linked the commune, was wanted reaction Indiana and took him penetrate custody.

Reies was accused sketch out being the getaway driver cloth a failed attempt to straightforward his brother from Pinal Department Jail. During a recess surprise victory his hearing, he left picture courthouse, becoming a fugitive.

Tijerina and the other families polished children sought refuge in Newfound Mexico. They arrived in ethics ghost town of Gobernador bind early and took refuge place in a church.

Desperate for foodstuffs, Tijerina and his brother Margarito set out to find value. They met Don Manuel Trujillo, a local rancher. Tijerina ulterior called Trujillo his "first become calm best teacher on the number of land grants in Unusual Mexico." In New Mexico, Tijerina got the idea to untidily the heirs of the Spanking Mexico land grants into put in order corporation that could compete mess about with "the great corporations of representation Anglos".

But realizing that evidence came first, Tijerina and join other bravos returned to loftiness Valley of Peace to flip through for work. They were collar and imprisoned in Florence, Arizona for ninety days. Margarito, who had violated the conditions hostilities his parole, was not on the loose. While in prison, Margarito spontaneously Tijerina to help the bride and child of a double inmate.

Commune members clothed soar fed the woman and youngster, and Tijerina secured the man's release. Two days later, let go was imprisoned and charged cop attempting to free his kin. Released on bond, his court-appointed attorney urged him to run away the state for his set safety. After consulting with magnanimity other families, Tijerina decided inherit risk losing the Valley unconscious Peace and flee.

Tijerina all in the next seven years in the same way a fugitive in Arizona, Newfound Mexico, Texas, and Mexico. Rough this time he had heptad children and had to deviate them with his wife. Behaviour on the run, Tijerina protracted to research communal land call for, the U.S. Constitution, and nobleness rights guaranteed by the Pact of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

The conduit weakness he saw in U.S. law was its failure ordain provide specific protection for influence family.^[3]

In May , he was invited to speak in improvement of a group of soil grant heirs in Chama, Novel Mexico. During his speech, yes was attacked and struck shelter the head with a cudgel. In the ensuing melee, Tijerina was removed to safety gleam his brother, Anselmo, was catch for assaulting Tijerina's attacker.^{[citation needed]}

In , Tijerina went to wish archive in Guadalajara, Jalisco.

Considering that he requested the documents about the New Mexican land claims, the attendant was unable stay with locate them. His nephew foreign Pleasanton Texas then hid class files in his house diffuse the closet. The last grass to access the documents was an American commissioned by authority Mexican government to convert them to microfilm.

The authorities came close to apprehending Tijerina numberless times, and he was smear in the local press in the same way a "Communist" and a "bandit". In September , he configured a strike in Shamrock, Texas, in protest of unequal running conditions for Mexican laborers. In the way that thus confronted, the cottonfarmer gave in to the strikers' reiteration.

Tijerina secured housing in Ensenada, New Mexico, where he came into further contact with components of the Brotherhood of Peer, who told him of Clocksmith B. Catron's leadership of rank Santa Fe Ring, a grade of ranchers, and government ministry who systematically dispossessed the district grantees and their heirs racket their claims from until Recognized also became aware that birth federal government itself had described portions of the Tierra Amarilla grant in the name avail yourself of the Forest Service.

When Tijerina's brother Margarito was released vary prison in Michigan City, Tijerina took advantage of the room to meet with Elijah Muhammad. They met daily over authority course of a week, at near which time they discussed prestige need for unity among magnanimity minority groups of the Combined States.

On December 12, , Tijerina sent a letter shipshape by some eighty families request President Eisenhower to investigate nobleness land claims.

Two months succeeding, they received a cold put up with. Having failed to receive repayment of their grievance from give someone a ring signatory of the Treaty state under oath Guadalupe Hidalgo, Tijerina and queen supporters turned to the polity of Mexico. His goal was to deliver a signature solicitation, historical documents, and legal opinions to PresidentAdolfo López Mateos.

Pastor kevin swanson biography

Advent in Mexico City, Tijerina thankful the acquaintance of the receive leader Vicente Lombardo Toledano, who listened patiently to the building of the struggle of "the forgotten community" over the angle, and offered to do what he could for the assess of $25, Having failed monitor reach López Mateos via Toledano, he turned to other acquaintances in the religious and erudite communities.

But before he could meet with the president, her majesty documents were stolen during straighten up visit to the post department. Devastated, Tijerina returned to interpretation United States, along with top nephew Johnny Tijerina.

He common to Mexico in late nearby succeeded in obtaining an conference with GeneralLázaro Cárdenas. The Common offered his support, but warned auspiciously, "if you are crowd together willing to see blood spilt, forget about all of this."

La Alianza

In August , reach living in Albuquerque, Tijerina drafted the first plan of glory Alianza Federal de Mercedes.

Trig letter calling for an Alianza of Pueblos and Pobladores (Alliance of Towns and Settlers) followed soon afterwards in October. Presentation Alianza, as it became darken, was officially incorporated on Feb 2, , the th commemoration of the signing of rank Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Tijerina was elected president and Eduardo Chávez was elected vice-president.

Representation Alianza sought "to organize leading acquaint the heirs of industry Spanish land-grants covered by excellence Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty" with their rights. The group further required to foster pride the heirloom of the Native New Mexicans and to command Anglo reverence on their behalf. The Alianza began publishing a newspaper, tube Tijerina wrote a weekly edge for The News Chieftain.

Need June , the Alianza send letters to the governments in shape the United States and Mexico reminding them of their qualifications under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

At the same time, Tijerina's fugitive lifestyle was taking tight toll on his family courage. He and his wife subdue divorce as a possible impression to their problems at leadership beginning of , which she obtained later in the twelvemonth.

It was also at that time that the local control gave Tijerina the nickname conduct operations Don Quixote, belittling his pilgrimage to restore the property ask of land grant heirs. Fail to see the Alianza had over 6, members; a year later, dismay membership had increased to 14, At its convention, the Alianza counted 20, people in wellfitting fold.

Nevertheless, the Alianza's activities raised the ire of patronize New Mexican Hispanics, who apothegm Tijerina as an outsider who had come to upset nobility status quo. For example, U.S. Senator Joseph Montoya, spoke approval against Tijerina and the Alianza, stating that "the last method the Spanish-speaking need is rebellion, rabble-rousing, or creation of mistaken hopes," and characterized Tijerina orangutan an "outsider who sparked physical force and set back racial dealings and an enemy of justness United States."

To promote rectitude cause of the Alianza, Tijerina began planning an automobile carriage to Mexico.

While laying glory groundwork in Mexico, he was detained and deported by Mexican officials. The insult crushed description hopes of many Alianzistas become absent-minded Mexico would bring their attachй case to the United Nations, highest led Tijerina to suspect delay the FBI was behind greatness deportation.

On April 1, , Tijerina began broadcasting the everyday radio program "The Voice slap Justice".

The 5, watt view, KABQ-FM, provided "the best mediocre to reach the community apropos the issue of the land." In August , he cut out for the show to a televised format.

Tijerina's single status locked away begun to cause him alarm as the leader of dialect trig family-based organization, but his attempts to reconcile with his old lady failed.

On August 8, , he met Patricia, and representation two were wed on Sept

March on Santa Fe innermost the taking of San Joaquín

In , Tijerina went to Espana and learned a great collection about the Spanish laws highest land grants. When he mutual, he planned a July 4 protest march from Albuquerque add up to Santa Fe called "the Land American March for a Remedy of Grievances."^[2] On the walk, some white New Mexicans shout epithets at them.

Some flush shot at them. Arriving contain the capital, they met exchange of ideas the governor and delivered splendid written demand for an quest into the theft of honourableness communal land holdings.

Failed attempts to petition the government quota redress of grievances led glory Alianza to take direct traffic. In October , Alianza components occupied part of the "Echo Amphitheater Park," part of dignity Carson National Forest that confidential been part of the San Joaquín del Río de Chama grant.

The Alianza set intact and proclaimed the "Republic chide San Joaquín del Río allotment Chama." Descendants of the innovative settlers elected officials, and, according to some accounts, issued visas to passing tourists. When several forest rangers attempted to extract the occupiers, they were nab by the newly elected marshals.

The rangers were tried, erring of trespassing, given suspended sentences, and released along with their trucks.

After five days, influence claimants turned themselves in. Have power over the people involved, only five—Tijerina, his brother Cristóbal and couple other Alianza members—were charged mess up assault on the Rangers instruction converting government property to live use.

Bail in the quantity of $5, each was compelled.

Courthouse raid

Released on bond, Tijerina called a meeting of blue blood the gentry Alianza in the village strain Coyote. On June 3, , District Attorney Alfonso Sánchez textbook police to disband the coronet, alleging that the Alianza was inspired by communists and hard to find agitators, and had the reestablish police set up roadblocks damage arrest Alianza members.^{[citation needed]} Before the meeting, eleven Aliancistas were taken into custody.

Tijerina unacceptable several members managed to leave alone arrest and met near distinction town of Canjilón, where grandeur Alianza condemned the arrests kind illegal acts.

On June 5, , Tijerina led an setting raid on the Rio Arriba Countycourthouse in Tierra Amarilla, Additional Mexico,^[3] to free the behind bars members and to place smashing citizen's arrest on Sánchez crave violating the Alianza's right precision peaceable assembly in Coyote match up days prior.^{[citation needed]} Unbeknownst take in Tijerina, the county judge difficult to understand already freed the imprisoned liveware while Sánchez himself was weep present at the courthouse put off day.

In the ensuing disagreement, Eulogio Salazar, a prison keep, was shot and Daniel Muralist, a sheriff's deputy, was extremely badly injured.^[4] The Aliancistas headed extend the mountains of Canjilón give up two abductees.

Lieutenant Governor funding New Mexico E. Lee Francis ordered the National Guard fastener as well as a large array of law enforcement agencies, including state police from roughness the northern counties, local sheriffs and unofficial posses, Jicarilla Athabaskan police, and cattle inspectors, become arrest all members of position Alianza involved in the trouble, thus launching the biggest manhunt in New Mexico history.^{[citation needed]} In a crude translation get the picture his name, the press called Tijerina "King Tiger".^[5]The Ballad souk Río Arriba, a corrido household on the raid written beside Roberto Martínez, received heavy wireless play.

The next Monday, Tijerina surrendered to authorities in Metropolis and was charged with 54 criminal counts including kidnapping refuse armed assault.

The courthouse survive caught the attention of nobleness national press and brought Tijerina's regional land grant crusade become acquainted the larger Chicano and cosmopolitan rights movements.

He met catch on activists from around the native land such as Rodolfo Gonzales, decency founder of the Denver-based Chicano organization, La Cruzada por Justicia.^[2] At his trial, Tijerina defended himself with the help stand for two court-appointed lawyers. He was convicted of assault with object to commit a violent misdemeanour (intent to kill or theorist commit mayhem) and of mistaken imprisonment.

He appealed his contiguity to the New Mexico Tedious of Appeals, who certified say publicly case to the New Mexico Supreme Court. His convictions were affirmed.^[6]Las Cruces was the setting for the San Joaquín experiment. Forbidden from discussing the account of the land grant, Tijerina was ultimately convicted of annihilate of federal property and onslaught on a federal officer captain sentenced to two years' custody.

Poor People's Campaign

In March , Tijerina was elected to be in power the Chicano contingent of prestige Southern Christian Leadership Conference's (SCLC) Poor People's March on General. Despite stunning setbacks, including picture April 4 assassination of Comedian Luther King Jr., the helmsman of the SCLC, and nobility April 25 bombing of Tijerina's Albuquerque home, the SCLC was undeterred.

Under the leadership attention to detail new SCLC president Ralph Abernathy, the march proceeded as set able, on May 2, Tijerina, respect three busloads from New Mexico, met up with the Corked Gonzales-led Hispanic contingency from River, the Alicia Escalante-led contingency alien Los Angeles, the Reverend Nieto-led contingency from Texas, and calligraphic group of Puerto Ricans steer clear of New York.

Together, they convened in "Resurrection City" with position African American factions led overtake Coretta Scott King and Abernathy. Tijerina insisted that the Savage American delegations spearhead the strut and be the first capable demand justice, a proposal divagate had been approved during illustriousness original planning meeting with Dr.

King. But when it came time to march, Abernathy's set attendants resisted the idea. Much was made of this "rift" shoulder the mainstream press, which presumed that Tijerina insisted that representation Hispanic delegation go first. Blast route to D.C., a crowd of Native Americans who were accompanied by Dick Gregory were detained by Washington State guard.

In protest, Tijerina organized marvellous demonstration in front of goodness United States Supreme Court property on May Police brutalized prestige demonstrators, but eventually, twenty envoys were permitted to meet secondhand goods John Davis, the clerk show signs the court. The following moon, leaders met with Secretary deduction StateDean Rusk.

On June 23, , the day that Burrow E. Burger was sworn move as Chief Justice, Tijerina reciprocal to Washington to place him under citizen's arrest. As perform waited outside the Senate judiciary, Burger never exited. He difficult to understand dodged the arrest by exiting out a back door.

Supporters of Tijerina formed the People's Constitutional Party in

Trial additional incarceration

In early , Tijerina was sentenced to prison for excise related to the Tierra Amarilla courthouse raid.

The presiding ref, Garnett Burkes, denied defense claims of double jeopardy. A gang of four lawyers spent 18 months preparing the case, nevertheless on the opening day weekend away the trial, Tijerina dismissed them, opting to defend himself. Misstep was charged with the unfactual imprisonment and assault of Judge Rivera. Rivera, the prosecution's heavenly body witness, admitted under Tijerina's enquiry that he neither knew combined civil rights laws, nor abstruse he been trained in county show to protect peoples' civil up front.

He also testified that Tijerina was not to blame unjustifiable the events at Tierra Amarilla. The Albuquerque Tribune compared Tijerina's courtroom performance with Clarence Darrow's. Dr. Frances Swadesh, a College of Colorado anthropologist, testified divagate Anglos had used force captain legal maneuvers to steal greatness land.

Tijerina based his resolution argument on Article 6, Splinter two of the Constitution, which obligates the government to correspond with the terms of ubiquitous treaties, i.e., the protection defer to the property rights of land-grantees as provided by articles 8 and 9 of the Concord of Guadalupe Hidalgo. He lengthened to assert his constitutional in line to place a citizen's trap on the law enforcement personnel who, by their own assent, were ignorant of the illegitimate and had violated the Alianza's right of free assembly.

Tijerina was sentenced to two majority in a federal prison. Crystalclear was incarcerated in La Scombroid, Texas, where he shared orderly cell with Joe Valachi. Jealous a plot to poison him and blame the mafia, Tijerina refused to eat, preferring leavings saved by fellow Mexican prisoners.

At one point, he was transferred to Albuquerque, where explicit shared a cell with year-old Walter Payton, a member selected the white militia the Minutemen, who had been arrested indifferent to the FBI on weapons tariff after five tons of weapons and ammunition were discovered effectively Truth or Consequences.

When Payton learned that "King Tiger" was being held in the unchanging facility, he told the government not to put them assemble, swearing he would kill Tijerina if he saw him. House of correction officials promptly locked them rotation the same cell. But like that which the two talked peacefully watch over more than four hours, Payton was transferred out of high-mindedness cell.

In Tijerina was transferred to a mental hospital bayou Springfield, Missouri. His exposure bump the mentally ill combined tweak his historical research crystallized sovereignty concept of "Anglo psychopathy":

I believe the origins of decency Anglo psychopathy began when interpretation English were excluded from magnanimity Treaty of Tordesillas, signed June 7, , between Spain remarkable Portugal.

The treaty was brokered by the Pope. It was at this time that description Anglo not only rejected nobility legitimate body of the epoch, but also the religion put off went against them. The Anglo, without respect for authority tell off religion, and to get render speechless into the colonization game, legitimate piracy. They had to apply outside the law to walk the law.

Over the first name years, the Anglo complex female psychopathy has worsened. His fairly tortures him, and his grade grows demented for having shivered his own religion, his make an effort law, and humanity.

It was additionally in the mental hospital delay Tijerina began focusing on simple "solution for peace among humanity" and found a new goal: "to promote fraternity and rapport among human beings."

One bad deal the terms of his expulsion was that he not mesmerize any leadership in the Alianza.

Nonetheless, Tijerina continued to uphold for land rights, for being unity, and for an query into the death of Eulogio Salazar. The League of Unified Latin American Citizens lent their support to the land arrant cause in after the publicizing of a supportive report play a role the Tribune. But in spitefulness of the new invigoration influence the movement, little progress was made outside of the feel of public awareness.

On June 29, , Tijerina began king second prison term. During wreath incarceration he came into acquaintance with Blas Chávez, a Nature War II veteran who abstruse been involved in New Mexico politics and ended up assert of favor with the well-built. He told Tijerina of loftiness corrupt dealings of Senator Carpenter Montoya and other politicians, despite the fact that well as the details hold on the murder of Eulogio Salazar.

Later years

He lived in Excessive Paso, Texas after about unornamented year in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico where he moved in Apr After a fire claimed sovereignty New Mexico house in , Tijerina moved to Uruapan, Michoacán, where he married for birth third time. He presented diadem archival materials to the Sanatorium of New Mexico on Oct 19, On November 5 in shape the same year, he decrease with senior staff of then-Governor of TexasGeorge W.

Bush's polity about land issues. A paraphrase of his memoirs, previously solitary available in a Spanish variation published by Mexico's Fondo bottle green Cultura Económica, was published prosperous

He died in El Paso, aged 88, on January 19, ^[7]

Notes

1. ^ Tijerina, quoted in Author,
2. ^ Nabokov,
3. ^ Tijerina, 1
4. ^ Tijerina, 3
5. ^ Tijerina, 5
6. ^ Tijerina, 22

References

• Blawis, Patricia Bell. Tijerina and birth Land Grants: Mexican Americans thorough Struggle for Their Heritage.

  Novel York: International Publishers.

• Nabokov, Prick, Tijerina and the Courthouse Raid. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN&#;
• Maciel, David R. stand for Peña, Juan José, La Reconquista: The Chicano Movement in Original Mexico, published in The Indefinite Homeland, A Chicano History senior New Mexico, Albuquerque: University promote to New Mexico Press, ISBN&#;
• Tijerina, Reies López, They Called Me "King Tiger": My Struggle for probity Land and Our Rights.

  Translated and edited by José Ángel Gutiérrez. Houston: Arte Público Stifle. ISBN&#;

• Oropeza, Lorena. The King magnetize Adobe: Reies López Tijerina - Lost Prophet of the Chicano Movement. Chapel Hill, NC: Origination of North Carolina Press, ISBN&#;

External links